Research Guide · Annotated Bibliography

Annotated Bibliography

Every specific, named claim on this site — a GAO audit, a JAMA study, a CDC report — traces to a real source. This page collects them in one place: the full citation, a link to read it yourself, a plain-language note on what it actually shows, and which page or book cites it. Built as a resource for researchers, journalists, and readers who want to check the work, not just take our word for it.

Every entry below was independently verified against the primary source — not just checked for a working link, but read to confirm it actually says what it's cited for. Where our own research surfaced a mismatch between a claim and its source, we corrected the claim on the page in question rather than publish a citation that doesn't hold up; see How We Source Claims. This bibliography currently covers the sourced claims already published across the site and will grow as new investigations are added.

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Prescription Drug Pricing & PBMs

The evidence behind Before the Counter and the Prescription Drugs research guide.

Government Report

Prescription Drugs: VA Paid About Half as Much as Medicare Part D for Selected Drugs in 2017

U.S. Government Accountability Office, GAO-21-111 · December 2020

Comparing prices for 399 matched brand-name and generic drugs, GAO found the VA paid on average 54% less per unit than Medicare Part D in 2017, even after accounting for Part D rebates and discounts.

Annotated Bibliography

Prescription Drug Pricing & PBMs

Prescription Drugs: VA Paid About Half as Much as Medicare Part D for Selected Drugs in 2017

Pharmacy Benefit Managers: The Powerful Middlemen Inflating Drug Costs

Assessment of Spending in Medicare Part D If Medication Prices From the VA Were Used

International Prescription Drug Price Comparisons: Estimates Using 2022 Data

Contribution of NIH Funding to New Drug Approvals 2010–2016

Additional Information About Drug Price Negotiation and CBO's Simulation Model of Drug Development

Estimated Budgetary Effects of H.R. 5376, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022

Cost-Effectiveness of Prospective and Continuous Parenteral Antibiotic Control

Hospital & Insurer Consolidation

How Health Insurance Coverage Denials Affect Americans

Social Determinants of Health and Insurance Claim Denials for Preventive Care

Changes in Hospital Adverse Events and Patient Outcomes Associated With Private Equity Acquisition

Evaluating Trends in Private Equity Ownership and Impacts on Health Outcomes, Costs, and Quality

Is There a VA Advantage? Evidence from Dually Eligible Veterans

100 Million People in America Are Saddled With Health Care Debt

Public Trust in Public Health Institutions

One Year In: Public Views of a Changing Public Health Landscape

100 Days In: Americans' Perceptions, Expectations, and Trust in Public Health

CDC Has Shed One-Quarter of Staff Even as It Recalls Some Laid-Off Workers

RFK Jr. Removes All Current Members of CDC Vaccine Advisory Committee

How the 2025 NIH Grant Terminations Varied by Researchers' Demographic Groups

Vaccine Policy & Measles (2025–2026)

Measles Outbreak — New Mexico, 2025

2025 U.S. Measles Deaths, Including Daisy Hildebrand

Measles Vaccination

Senate Committee Endorses NIH Budget Increase, Rebuking Proposed 40% Cut

American Academy of Pediatrics et al. v. Kennedy et al.

12 Medical Groups Representing 1 Million Health Care Professionals Endorse AAP Immunization Schedule

State Recommendations for Routine Childhood Vaccines: Increasing Departure from Federal Guidelines

COVID-19 Mortality & Policy Response

Excess Deaths Associated with COVID-19

130,000–210,000 Avoidable COVID-19 Deaths — and Counting — in the U.S.

COVID-19 Incidence and Death Rates Among Unvaccinated and Fully Vaccinated Adults, With and Without Booster Doses

Higher COVID-19 Vaccination Rates Are Associated with Lower COVID-19 Mortality: A Global Analysis